PLL FM Demodulator

PLL (Phase Locked Loop) can be used to make a FM demodulator. PLL circuit track the input frequency by controlling a voltage input of a VCO (Voltage-Controlled Oscillator). Since the VCO is controlled to follow the input frequency, then the controlling signal is directly proportional to the modulating signal. Here is the schematic diagram of the cicuit: For this example, […]

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Gamma Correction Circuit

Gamma correction need to be applied in video processing since the transfer function of video acquisition and video display is non linear.  Here is the schematic diagram of a gamma circuit: If gamma value equal to 1, the the  transfer function is linear. Typical CRT usually have  gamma factor from about 2.0 to 2.4 in their transfer function.  The effect […]

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Fill/Empty Water Level Controller

A controller for keeping the water level stays  between upper and lower limits is described here. This water level controller is actually a water pump controller that turn the pump on or off based on the detected water level. This water level controller has two modes: fill and empty. Here is the schematic diagram of the circuit: For the empty […]

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