Op-Amp Application: Level Shifting Amplifier

Sometimes, in linear equipment design, it’s necessary to take a voltage which is referred to some dc level and generate an amplified output which is referred to ground. Using a differential amplifier similar to that shown in the circuit diagram below (the upper one) is the most straight-forward way of doing this. However, this circuit has a disadvantage, that is […]

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Op-Amp Application: Inverting Amplifier

The figure below show an operational amplifier circuit. Closed-loop gain given by this circuit is R2/R1 when this ratio is small compared with the amplifier open-loop gain, and it’s called as inverting circuit. The value of input impedance is equal to R1. Bandwidth of this closed-loop is equal to the unity-gain frequency divided by one plus the closed-loop gain. Take […]

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High Frequency Switch

This is high frequency switch circuit. This circuit uses the 2N4391. When it is off, it will provide a high off-impedance (<0.2pF) and low on-resistance of 30 ohm. Here is the circuit : This circuit has attenuation > 80dB @ 100 MHz and insertion loss about 6 dB. It can be immediately achieved if we use an “ideal” switch and […]

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Discrete Schmitt Trigger

This is a schmitt trigger circuit. This circuit produces a simple comparator action. It is “emitter coupled”. This circuit has a distinct hysteresis loop and fast transition action because this circuit uses the 2N3565 bipolar that is a high hFE transistor. The 2N3069 JFET generates very little loading on the measured input. Here is the circuit : [Source: National Semiconductor […]

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